Author Archives: Bill Kovarik

Leaded gasoline centennial interdisciplinary zoom panel Dec. 9, 2021

A century of tragedy: Leaded gasoline

By Bill Kovarik 

From The Conversation, Dec. 9, 2021

On the frosty morning of Dec. 9, 1921, in Dayton, Ohio, researchers at a General Motors lab poured a new fuel blend into one of their test engines. Immediately, the engine began running more quietly and putting out more power.

The new fuel was tetraethyl lead. With vast profits in sight – and very few public health regulations at the time – General Motors Co. rushed gasoline diluted with tetraethyl lead to market despite the known health risks of lead. They named it “Ethyl” gas.

It has been 100 years since that pivotal day in the development of leaded gasoline. As a historian of media and the environment, I see this anniversary as a time to reflect on the role of public health advocates and environmental journalists in preventing profit-driven tragedy.

Lead and death

By the early 1920s, the hazards of lead were well known – even Charles Dickens and Benjamin Franklin had written about the dangers of lead poisoning.

When GM began selling leaded gasoline, public health experts questioned its decision. One called lead a serious menace to public health, and another called concentrated tetraethyl lead a “malicious and creeping” poison.

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A brief history of gasoline

Lies about climate change are only part of the environmental history problem posed by the way that the oil and auto industries told their  stories in books, museum or bus caravans (like the one above.)  A full ‘warts and all’ history is still only barely known.  Jamie Kitman, automotive writer and attorney, created this series  for Jalopnik Magazine.

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How big oil knew about climate change


The oil industry was aware of the risks of climate change decades ago.

By Benjamin Franta, Stanford University

Four years ago, I traveled around America, visiting historical archives. I was looking for documents that might reveal the hidden history of climate change – and in particular, when the major coal, oil and gas companies became aware of the problem, and what they knew about it.

I pored over boxes of papers, thousands of pages. I began to recognize typewriter fonts from the 1960s and ‘70s and marveled at the legibility of past penmanship, and got used to squinting when it wasn’t so clear.

What those papers revealed is now changing our understanding of how climate change became a crisis. The industry’s own words, as my research found, show companies knew about the risk long before most of the rest of the world.

On Oct. 28, 2021, a Congressional subcommittee questioned executives from Exxon, BP, Chevron, Shell and the American Petroleum Institute about industry efforts to downplay the role of fossil fuels in climate change. Exxon CEO Darren Woods told lawmakers that his company’s public statements “are and have always been truthful” and that the company “does not spread disinformation regarding climate change.”

Here’s what corporate documents from the past six decades show.

Surprising discoveries

At an old gunpowder factory in Delaware – now a museum and archive – I found a transcript of a petroleum conference from 1959 called the “Energy and Man” symposium, held at Columbia University in New York. As I flipped through, I saw a speech from a famous scientist, Edward Teller (who helped invent the hydrogen bomb), warning the industry executives and others assembled of global warming.

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Is 45% solar by 2050 feasible?

Research Associate, University of Texas at Austin
For The Conversation

As President Joe Biden  called for major clean energy investments as a way to curb climate change and generate jobs on Sept. 8, 2021, the White House released a report produced by the U.S. Department of Energy that found that solar power could generate up to 45% of the U.S. electricity supply by 2050, compared to less than 4% today.   Joshua D. Rhodes, an energy technology and policy researcher at the University of Texas at Austin, weighed in on aspects of the plan for The Conversation.  

Why such a heavy focus on solar power? Doesn’t a low-carbon future require many types of clean energy?

The Energy Department’s Solar Futures Study lays out three future pathways for the U.S. grid: business as usual; decarbonization, meaning a massive shift to low-carbon and carbon-free energy sources; and decarbonization with economy-wide electrification of activities that are powered now by fossil fuels.

It concludes that the latter two scenarios would require approximately 1,050-1,570 gigawatts of solar power, which would meet about 44%-45% of expected electricity demand in 2050. For perspective, one gigawatt of generating capacity is equivalent to about 3.1 million solar panels or 364 large-scale wind turbines.

The rest would come mostly from a mix of other low- or zero-carbon sources, including wind, nuclear, hydropower, biopower, geothermal and combustion turbines run on zero-carbon synthetic fuels such as hydrogen. Energy storage capacity – systems such as large installations of high-capacity batteries – would also expand at roughly the same rate as solar.

One advantage solar power has over many other low-carbon technologies is that most of the U.S. has lots of sunshine. Wind, hydropower and geothermal resources aren’t so evenly distributed: There are large zones where these resources are poor or nonexistent.

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IPCC: Code Red on Climate Change

Reuters: “HUMANS ARE TO BLAME – FULL STOP  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) used its strongest terms yet to assert that humans are causing climate change, with the first line of its report summary reading: “It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land.”

Associated Press;  ‘Earth’s climate is getting so hot that temperatures in about a decade will probably blow past a level of warming that world leaders have sought to prevent, according to a report released Monday that the United Nations called a “code red for humanity.”    “It’s just guaranteed that it’s going to get worse,” said report co-author Linda Mearns, a senior climate scientist at the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research. “Nowhere to run, nowhere to hide.

UN-IPCC:  GENEVA, Aug 9, 2021  – Scientists are observing changes in the Earth’s climate in every region and across the whole climate system, according to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report, released today. Many of the changes observed in the climate are unprecedented in thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of years, and some of the changes already set in motion—such as continued sea level rise—are irreversible over hundreds to thousands of years.  However, strong and sustained reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases would limit climate change. While benefits for air quality would come quickly, it could take 20-30 years to see global temperatures stabilize, according to the IPCC Working Group I report, Climate Change 2021: the Physical Science Basis, approved on Friday by 195 member governments of the IPCC, through a virtual approval session that was held over two weeks starting on July 26.

Wishing you were here, Berta Cáceres

Roger Waters, a member of Pink Floyd, sings “Wish you were here” for Berta Cáceres.

Assassin convicted in Honduras

TEGUCIGALPA, Honduras (AP) — July 6, 2021 — A Honduran man was convicted of homicide in the 2016 killing of Berta Cáceres, a prize-winning environmental and Indigenous rights defender.

After a three-month trial, the court unanimously found Roberto David Castillo Mejía guilty of participating in the killing of Cáceres, a member of the Lenca Indigenous group who led opposition to a dam project in which Castillo Mejía was involved.  MORE 

Environmental activists are being killed in Honduras over their opposition to mining

  University of Western Ontario
The Conversation, May 6, 2021 

Two men shot Arnold Joaquín Morazán Erazo to death in his home in Tocoa, Honduras, one night in October 2020.

Morazán was an environmental activist and one of 32 people criminalized by the Honduran government for defending the Guapinol River against the environmental impacts of a new iron oxide mine in the Carlos Escaleras National Park.

So far, at least eight people who have opposed the mine have been killed, putting its owner, Inversiones Los Pinares, at the centre of a deadly environmental conflict in the mineral-rich Bajo Aguán region. Local communities are concerned about the mine’s potential ecological damage. In their attempts to defend their territories, local leaders have been surveilled, threatened, injured and imprisoned, and some, like Morazán, have been killed.

Honduras is the deadliest place in the world for environmental defenders. Hundreds of them have been killed since 2009, including the Indigenous environmental leader Berta Càceres, who was assassinated in 2016.

The details are murky for some of the killings. In 2019, as a member of a fact-finding delegation, my colleagues and I documented that national police and military forces have patrolled the territory surrounding the mining project. We have recommended a thorough, prompt and impartial investigation of the human rights abuses by military police and paramilitary forces against human rights defenders and journalists in Tocoa. Continue reading

Minamata film explores a key moment in environmental history

One of the great turning points in environmental history –a  “Silent Spring” moment — involved the environmental catastrophe in Minamata, Japan that started in the 1950s but shocked. the world in 1971.

Fifteen years into the catastrophe,  the now-famous photos from Minamata  re-aligned perceptions of how dangerous chemicals can have devastating  effects on human health.  No one could look at the photos of Tomoko Uemura and  doubt that.

Tomoko Uemura, W. Eugene Smith, 1971.

The story behind the Minamata photos, and the price that  American photographer W. Eugene Smith paid for taking them,  is the subject of a new film (released Feb. 2021)  starring Johnny Depp, Hiroyuki Sanada,  Jun Kunimura, Ryo Kase, Tadanobu Asano and Bill Nighy.

It’s not a well known story, possibly because Smith was one of the most exasperating artists who ever picked up a camera.  In fact, a PBS  documentary about his life was entitled “Photography Made Difficult.”

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