Category Archives: Technology & environment

Ben Franklin’s Battle Over Pollution

Historic Dock Creek Marker

By Kyle Bagenstose 

Plenty of visitors to Philadelphia have caught a glimpse of Benjamin Franklin’s old privy well, encased in glass amidst the old foundations of his former home at 4th and Market Streets in Old City. It’s a bit of an odd landmark for sure: most old homesteads urge people to ponder how their historical inhabitants lived, not what they ate.

However, in Franklin’s day, the prevailing odors in the area in fact did not emanate from his toilet. Instead, it was that of the slaughterhouses, tanneries, and breweries that dotted his neighborhood and dumped their putrid waste into nearby Dock Creek.

That waterway, which once snaked its way through Old City along two primary branches, has long since been buried and converted into a sewer, but its remnants can still be found, as can a history of Franklin’s fight against the creek’s degradation.

During an April 2024 visit to Philadelphia to attend a conference of the Society of Environmental Journalists, Bill Kovarik, a historian and professor at Radford University, hosted a historical tour on Franklin’s water war. Leading a group down the course of the buried creek, much of which now runs underneath the serpentine, cobblestoned, and aptly named Dock Street, Kovarik explained Franklin’s support for a 1739 petition that sought to expel polluting industries from the surrounding area.

Kovarik, also a veteran environmental journalist, has taken a deep interest in Franklin’s fight for clean water. In his view, Franklin’s work here offers a powerful testimonial that advocating for the environment was not a new-age concept borne out of the countercultural movement of the 1960s, but indeed has a cultural heritage that stretches all the way back to one of the nation’s most renowned founding fathers.

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New video on Ethyl leaded gasoline

Science communicator Derek Muller of Veritasium posted this video on the history of Ethyl leaded gasoline on Earth Day, April 22, 2022.

Leaded gasoline centennial interdisciplinary zoom panel Dec. 9, 2021

A brief history of gasoline

Lies about climate change are only part of the environmental history problem posed by the way that the oil and auto industries told their  stories in books, museum or bus caravans (like the one above.)  A full ‘warts and all’ history is still only barely known.  Jamie Kitman, automotive writer and attorney, created this series  for Jalopnik Magazine.

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Is 45% solar by 2050 feasible?

Research Associate, University of Texas at Austin
For The Conversation

As President Joe Biden  called for major clean energy investments as a way to curb climate change and generate jobs on Sept. 8, 2021, the White House released a report produced by the U.S. Department of Energy that found that solar power could generate up to 45% of the U.S. electricity supply by 2050, compared to less than 4% today.   Joshua D. Rhodes, an energy technology and policy researcher at the University of Texas at Austin, weighed in on aspects of the plan for The Conversation.  

Why such a heavy focus on solar power? Doesn’t a low-carbon future require many types of clean energy?

The Energy Department’s Solar Futures Study lays out three future pathways for the U.S. grid: business as usual; decarbonization, meaning a massive shift to low-carbon and carbon-free energy sources; and decarbonization with economy-wide electrification of activities that are powered now by fossil fuels.

It concludes that the latter two scenarios would require approximately 1,050-1,570 gigawatts of solar power, which would meet about 44%-45% of expected electricity demand in 2050. For perspective, one gigawatt of generating capacity is equivalent to about 3.1 million solar panels or 364 large-scale wind turbines.

The rest would come mostly from a mix of other low- or zero-carbon sources, including wind, nuclear, hydropower, biopower, geothermal and combustion turbines run on zero-carbon synthetic fuels such as hydrogen. Energy storage capacity – systems such as large installations of high-capacity batteries – would also expand at roughly the same rate as solar.

One advantage solar power has over many other low-carbon technologies is that most of the U.S. has lots of sunshine. Wind, hydropower and geothermal resources aren’t so evenly distributed: There are large zones where these resources are poor or nonexistent.

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Fukushima plus ten

 

By Kiyoshi Kurokawa and Najmedin Meshkati, in TheConversation

Ten years ago, on March 11, 2011, the biggest recorded earthquake in Japanese history hit the country’s northeast coast. It was followed by a tsunami that traveled up to 6 miles (10 kilometers) inland, reaching heights of over 140 feet (43.3 meters) in some areas and sweeping entire towns away in seconds.

This disaster left nearly 20,000 people dead or missing. It also destroyed the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station and released radioactive materials over a large area. The accident triggered widespread evacuations, large economic losses and the eventual shutdown of all nuclear power plants in Japan. A decade later, the nuclear industry has yet to fully to address safety concerns that Fukushima exposed.

We are scholars specializing in engineering and medicine and public policy, and have advised our respective governments on nuclear power safety. Kiyoshi Kurokawa chaired an independent national commission, known as the NAIIC, created by the Diet of Japan to investigate the root causes of the Fukushima Daiichi accident. Najmedin Meshkati served as a member and technical adviser to a committee appointed by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences to identify lessons from this event for making U.S. nuclear plants safer and more secure.